Bipalium adventitium -- An Introduced Soil Invertebrate

Bipalium adventitium is an introduced terrestrial flatworm that inhabits soils and predates earthworms.

I observed Bipalium adventitium for the second time on the property, yesterday.  I was checking amphibian cover boards and observed two individuals in what looked as if they were copulating.  I collected the specimens and ran back to the office to confirm my identification.  My colleague Jeff Greenwood, WMCC Education Director, ran an errand on the property shortly afterwards and found another individual.  This brought us up to 3 specimens in one day (April 26, 2012) and we weren't even focusing a search for them!

I am not an invertebrate zoologist, so I was quite surprised to learn about this animal last year.  Nicki Hall and I were checking snake cover boards for the last monitoring visit of the season (October 2011) and discovered what looked like a brown "leech".  We didn't think much of it at the time, except that it was on land and that it was after all of the rain we received after Hurricane Irene.  About a week later some colleagues in the state asked me if I had seen this mystery animal and in fact I had!  After a short review from the internet, I found that this organism is introduced to North America from Asia and it is a predator to other soil invertebrates, especially earthworms.  There are a few investigators trying to search for these animals in North America to document the spread.  Peter Ducey, SUNY Cortland, is examining the natural history and the ecological role of Bipalium adventitium as potential competitor to native herpetofauna that consume earthworms.

Blue-spotted x Jefferson Salamander is a state endangered species in CT
 that inhabits White Memorial and eats earthworms.

All of the earthworms that inhabit Connecticut's soils are considered introduced because our region was covered in glaciers only 15,000 years ago.  Therefore, earthworms were not able to colonize this region until humans introduced them.  Several of these species originated from other continents and are now changing our soils.  In forest habitats, these animals are consuming the leaf litter layer that blankets the forest floor so fast that the entire layer is consumed and the soil is exposed to rain, thereby causing extensive erosion.  This lowers water quality and decreases the ability of the forest to regenerate after other disturbances.  Many species of forest dwelling plants depend on the leaf layer as part of their natural history and these species are declining as result of this ecological damage.  I briefly mentioned in a previous blog post how Japanese Barberry, an invasive shrub, is also contributing to this scenario.

If introduced earthworms are doing damage to the forest leaf layer, then wouldn't another predator controlling earthworm populations be a good thing?  John Gorsuch, an undergraduate student at the University of Cincinnati, is examining the effectiveness of B. adventitium as a predator to various earthworm species.  John's preliminary observations suggest that B. adventitium can be an effective predator to some earthworm species but not all.  Amynthas agrestis is an introduced earthworm from Asia and it is one of the few dirty words among forest ecologists (please pardon the pun).  A. agrestis in one of those aforementioned earthworms that are aggressively consuming the leaf litter, but it also has several defense mechanisms to predators, B. adventitium and herpetofauna alike.  Therefore, we are potentially left with several predator species that are generalists consuming every earthworm species except for one species that is causing severe ecological damage to a critical habitat!

What can you do?

Report all of your sightings of B. adventitium to Peter Ducey.  Since these species (earthworms and flatworms) have been introduced to North America from the horticultural industry, it is best to use native species in your garden raised by local growers using local stock for their plants, soils, and amendments.  If you use worms as bait for fishing, throw any remaining worms into the garbage NOT YOUR GARDEN!  And finally, learn as much as you can about this topic (soil, earthworms, invasive species, forest ecosystems, etc.) on your own because soil is one of our vital natural resources that we all need, so take care of it.

Amphibian Cover Board Monitoring

Redback Salamander observed under a cover board.
Photo By James Fischer

I checked the cover board grids that we use to monitor amphibian populations in the Museum vicinity.  We monitor a total of 8 grids that are placed near or in critical habitats.  I observed a total of 46 Redback Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) under the boards.  I observed a total of 32 salamanders under coniferous tree canopy and only 14 under the deciduous tree canopy.  I hypothesize this pattern is due to the difference in the forest floor under the two canopy types because the leaf phenology is different right now.  The deciduous trees' leaves are beginning to burst buds while the conifer trees are evergreen.  The forest floor under these two cover types differs a little bit.  The forest floor under the conifer cover was a little bit more damp and cooler while the deciduous forest floor was little bit drier and maybe warmer.  The lack of leaves in the deciduous cover is letting the sunlight penetrate the canopy and dry the forest floor. I wanted to know if this pattern was significantly different from a random or equal distribution.  I chose to use a chi-square analysis to detect if the observed pattern was statistically significantly different enough from the expected pattern (a random or equal number under each canopy type).  The chi-square analysis confirms that the pattern that I observed was significantly different from an equal distribution.  This statistical test does not necessarily confirm my hypothesis entirely but it tells me that I might be on the right track with my reasoning.

Invasive Plant Patrol Controls Fig Buttercup (a.k.a. Lesser Celandine)

Jeff Greenwood, WMCC Education Director, brought his Invasive Plant Patrol to help with pulling and controlling Fig Buttercup (Ranunculus ficaria).  We have only detected one population of this invasive plant on the property.  Early detection of this plant increases our chances of controlling it and preventing it from becoming established throughout the property.  The Patrol used hand trowels, garden shovels, and buckets to remove small patches of Fig Buttercup by hand.  The Patrol also learned how to distinguish between other invasive species and native plants found in proximity with this invasive plant.  Faye Curran helped us with removing the plants closest to Bantam River, which are most likely to disperse to other favorable habitat for Fig Buttercup.

Hand-pulled Fig Buttercup, an invasive plant, destined for the dumpster.

Work was accomplished by Mr. Greenwood's Invasive Plant Patrol.

Hand trowels and elbow grease are the best tools to remove small patches of Fig Buttercup.